I. Case Background

1. Abstract

The Nile river is the main source of water for the nine nations which make up the Nile basin. As is, the water provided by the river is barely enough to satisfy the enormous water demands of the region. By the year 2000, it is expected that at least six of the nine nations which share the Nile's water will experience acute water stress (Ohlsson, 50). Access to the Nile's waters has already been defined as a vital national priority by countries such as Egypt and Sudan. It is an issue over which the two nation's have professed themselves willing to got to war over. Current tensions between Egypt and Sudan, its neighbor to the south, are merely a continuation of a two thousand year-old struggle over who will control the regions scarce water resources. As more of the nations in the Nile valley develop their economies, the need for water in the region will increase. And while the demand for resources increases, the supply is likely to remain unchanged, drastically increasing the chances for armed conflict over the waters of the Nile river. In addition, development projects that are aimed at increasing the flow of the Nile remain endangered by tension and instability in the region, as well as by environmental and financial concerns.

2. Description

The Nile probably gets its name form "nahal" which means "river valley" in Semitic, later "neilos" in Greek and "nilus" in Latin. It is the world's longest river, stretching 4,187 miles from its source in the mountains of Burundi. The source of the river is so far from the Mediterranean that it took man until the middle of the 20th century to find it (Adv, 1). For centuries, the most accurate source of knowledge on the location of this source were the writings of Herodotus (Greek Historian, 460 BC), who wrote that the Nile's source was a deep spring between two tall mountains. When Nero ordered his centurions to follow the flow of the river in order to find its source, they got no further than the impenetrable valley of the Sudd. John Henning Speke thought that he had finally found the source when he reached Lake Victoria in 1862, only to be later proven wrong and forgotten by history. In 1937, the source was finally stumbled upon by the little known German explorer Bruckhart Waldekker (Collins, 4-8).

The Nile is formed by three tributaries, the Blue Nile, the White Nile, and the Atbara. The White Nile rises from its source in Burundi, passes through Lake Victoria, and flows into southern Sudan. There, near the capital city of Khartoum, the White Nile meets up with the Blue Nile which has its source in the Ethiopian highlands, near Lake Tana. Over 53% of the Nile's waters come from the Blue Nile. The two flow together to just north of Khartoum, where they are joined by the waters of the Atbara, whose source is also located in the Ethiopian highlands (Ody, 1).

The river then flows north through Lake Nasser, the second largest man-made lake in the world, and the Aswan Dam before splitting into two major distributaries just north of Cairo. The two distributaries are the Rosetta branch to the west and the Darneita to the east. In ancient times, the number of distributaries was much greater, but slow water flow, human interference, and the accumulation of silt had led to the disappearance of all the other major distributaries. This has effectively led to the desertification of large stretches of Egyptian land.(Ody, 1)

The Conflict

In ancient Egypt, the Nile, and its delta, were worshiped as a god. The god Hapi, who came in the shape of a frog, represented the Nile delta. Several times throughout history, Egyptians have tried to unify the Nile valley under their rule by conquering the Sudan. The lands to the south of them that bordered the river were in constant danger. The Sudan was invaded during the reign of Queen Sheba, during the Roman rule of Nero, and countless other times. This is because the Egyptians have always feared that one day the Nile's waters would no longer reach their country. People believed, that since the flow of the Nile was so unpredictable, something had to have been affecting it. A legend says that during one particularly bad famine in Egypt, the Egyptian Sultan sent his ambassadors to the king of Ethiopia in order to plead with him not the obstruct the waters. A Scottish traveler in the 18th century recounted a story that the King of Ethiopia had sent a letter to the pasha in 1704 threatening to cut off the water. Given this fear it is quite natural that the Nile countries desire to secure their water supplies.(Collins, 3-4)

The modern history of the Nile conflict began with the 20th century. The English were quick to realize the importance the river would have for their colonies. Over the centuries, in the swamps of the Sudd, strong winds and the force of the river had created natural dams made up of plants and soil, similar to those made by beavers. These dams had made all navigation up the Nile past a certain point completely impossible. Soon after Sudan was reconquered in 1898, the English began to free the Nile of the vegetation which was obstructing the passage of ships. By the time enough blockages had been removed to clear a path through the Sudd in 1904, the English had already begun drawing up massive alternative drainage plans in order to ameliorate the flow of the Nile. However, the British did not control the Ethiopian portions of the Nile, from which over 80% of the Nile's waters come. Therefore, they had to sign an agreement with the Ethiopians in 1902 in order to assure themselves that the Nile would not be interfered with. They also had to assert a significant amount of pressure on the Italians and the French so that they would not interfere with the french dominance of the Nile basin (Collins, 67-100). This approach worked well with the Italians, but a little less well with the French. The Egyptians caused the most problems for the English as planned developments on the Nile became a disputed matter between the two governments. In 1929, Great Britain sponsored the Nile Water Agreement, which regulated the flow of the Nile and apportioned it use (Glassman, 150).

After World War II, the British government commissioned a complete hydrological study to be made of the Nile Basin as a whole. Unfortunately, the study was not able to include the Ethiopian portions of the Nile due to political problems. The rest of the Nile valley was included. The study was finally released in 1958 as the Report on the Nile Valley Plan. It was the culmination of 50 years of study. The report suggested various ways to increase the amount of water which reached Egypt. The most important of these suggestions was the construction of the Jonglei canal, which would divert the flow of the Nile in southern Sudan (in the Sudd) to avoid the enormous evaporation losses which occur there. The report, however, treated the entire Nile Basin as a single unity, which was unacceptable to the newly independent African states, especially since it was published just two years after the Suez Canal incident (Ohlsson, 31-34)

Furthermore, the Egyptians had already planned a major construction which would significantly improve the flow of the Nile in their territories. They had decided to build the High Aswan Dam in order to control the yearly floods of the Nile and in order to harvest the hydroelectric power of the river. However, this project was to have major repercussions on the lands of northern Sudan. Building this dam would mean that whole sections of northern Sudan would be inundated by what was to be Lake Nasser. There were also severe environmental concerns as to how the dam would change life on the banks of the Nile. To deal with this problem, the two nation signed an agreement on the "full utilization of the Nile waters" in 1959. This agreement stipulated that Sudan's yearly water allotment would rise from the 4 billion cubic meters stipulated in the 1929 agreement to 18.5 billion cubic meters. The Sudan would also be allowed to undertake a series of Nile development projects, such as the Rosieres Dam and the Jonglei Canal. In exchange, Egypt would be allowed to build a huge dam near the Sudanese border which would regulate the flow of the river into Egypt and provide water during droughts. The result of this dam, however, would be the inundation of over 6,500 square kilometers of land. The treaty also formed a joint committee which would be in charge of supervising and directing all development projects which affected the flow of the river (Ohlosson, 35-40).

This agreement was only bilateral and did no include any of the other riparian countries of the Nile despite the fact that it portioned out all of the Nile's water. Ethiopia, from which 80% of the water comes from was not even consulted and no water was even allotted for future usage by any upstream country except Sudan. All of the Nile's average water flow is divided between the two most downstream countries. Nevertheless, this 1959 agreement is still the most comprehensive agreement ever signed on the use of the Nile's waters.

Apparently, the residents of northern Sudan and southern Egypt were not consulted on the treaty either. In the 1960's, over 100,000 Nubians lost their homes due to development projects stemming from that treaty.(Pearce, 29) Some of these same people had to be moved again in the 1990's in order to build another dam, this time near the border with Ethiopia. The government of Sudan says that these people will be compensated, but the overwhelming feeling amongst the villagers is that they will not be. One villager claimed "We were not informed when the government decided... to build a dam in our area. They just sent tractors with a large number of strangers. These strangers were surveyors." (Nhail, 1-3).

Construction of the High Dam at Aswan began in 1959 -- as soon the agreement with Sudan was signed. When it was finally finished in 1970, the dam was more than 17 times the volume of the Great Pyramid at El Giza. It now stretches 4 kilometres across the river's path, rises over 100 meters for its base, and is almost a kilometer thick. Behind it, the waters have formed Lake Nasser, which is 600 kilometers long and 50 kilometers wide in some places. This reservoir is the second largest man-made lake in the world. The Aswan Dam is arguably one of the great architectural accomplishments of the 20th century. To build it, Egypt had to obtain outside funding, because it was to cost over one billion dollars to build. Rebuffed by the United States and the World Bank, Nasser had to turn to the Soviet Union, which was only too glad to help (Pearce, 28-29)

In the 1970's Sudan and Egypt began the joint construction of the Jonglei Canal, which would have increased the flow of the Nile waters by diverting the Nile away from an area where a great deal of water is lost to evaporation. Unfortunately, construction was stopped in 1983 one hundred kilometers short of completion due to "rebel action". The civil war in the Sudan has taken its toll on the development project, which was funded in large part by the World Bank. The failure of this project was a great failure for both the Sudanese government and the World Bank. Over 100 million dollars were spent on the Jonglei Canal project (Pearce, 31).

The most complete agreement on the use of the Nile waters remains the 1959 agreement between Sudan and Egypt. This agreement, however, did not put an end to the conflict over the rights to the Nile waters. A strong tension still exists between the Nile basin countries whenever a new Nile development project is proposed. The water needs of all of these countries are barely being met now and will probably not be met in the future, especially in view of the development plans in Ethiopia and Sudan. In addition, Egypt, as the country most in danger of losing access to the Nile waters by development projects in other countries, remains willing and able to intervene militarily in order to keep the status quo.

In August 1994, it was reported that Egypt had planned and subsequently canceled an air raid on Khartoum, in Sudan, where a dam is being built. This is in addition to the tensions between Sudan and Egypt over the attempted assassination of President Muhbarach in the summer of 1995. Border clashes became common between the two neighbors and conflict seemed probable. The tensions have now seemed to subside, but there is no telling when and if they will resume.(El-Kohdary, 1-3)

Egypt has also acted against Ethiopian development on the Nile in the past. In the early 1990's, it is believed that Egypt blocked an African Development Bank loan to Ethiopia for a project which might have reduced the flow of the Nile's water into Egypt. This behavior is not unwarranted given predictions by USAID that Egypt will experience a 16 to 30 percent water deficit by the end of the century. This will probably be further increase by further Egyptian development projects planned for the Nile. (El-Kohdary, 1-3)

In 1997, Egypt is to begin the construction of a new valley of the Nile, but creating a new, self-sustaining, river which would flow through the Western Desert. To do this they would cut a canal, called the New Valley Canal, which would connect a series of oases to one another. This would allow Egypt to settle a large number of people far from the Nile; something which has proven impossible up until now. Over 62 million people live on just 4% Egypt's land. This project would allow Egyptians to take advantage of the good soil quality which is prevalent throughout the country. However, the estimated cost of the project is 2 billion dollars, which Egypt does not have. However, the real problem remains that of where Egypt will find the water to fill the canal and to keep it flowing as it already its full allotment of the Nile's water (Daniszewski, A1, A16)

3. Duration: In Progress (1904 to now)

4. Location

Continent: Mideast

Region: Mideast Africa

Country: Egypt

5. Actors: Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Burundi, Zaire, Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya

The main actors, for the moment, are Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia. However, as populations continue to grow and water needs increase in the region, all of the countries in the Nile Basin will be affected.

II. Environment Aspects

6. Type of Environmental Problem: WATER

In Northeastern Africa, water is a scarce commodity. Yet it is also a vital one, as it is needed for irrigated agriculture, industrial expansion, and human consumption, In the Nile basin, the river remains the only reliable source for renewable water supplies. Underground water supplies, or aquifers, an only ba harvested once and will eventually run out. This place the Nile basin countries in a position of reliance on the waters of the Nile. (Postel, 1-23)

The waters, however, do not flow in sufficient quantities to satisfy the future water requirements of all these nations. The nations are barely satisfied by what they now receive and it is foreseen that their needs will increase as populations rise, industrial growth takes place, and more land is irrigated with Nile water for agricultural use in nations besides Egypt. Egypt's cropland is already 100% irrigated, fostering an amazing reliance on the flow of the Nile. It is estimated that Ethiopia and Sudan could achieve high levels of food production if they chose to irrigate as much land as possible.

Water stress is present when nations find themselves with less than 2000 cubic meters per person of renewable water supplies. By the end of the century at least five nations in the Nile basin expect themselves to be suffering from water stress. This figure does not include the water that would be needed to feed the citizens of the Nile countries. It is unlikely that the flow of water in the Nile could be increased without the completion of the Jonglei Canal, which, given Sudan's internal problems, seems highly unlikely in the near future. (Ohlosson, 178-194)

In addition, the environmental situation is further complicated by the problems surrounding the Aswan Dam. Even though the environmental damage to Egypt's environment caused by the Dam has been much less than originally predicted, it is still quite significant. One major problem is that the silt from the river which for millennia fertilized Egypt's cropland is no longer being allowed to flow down the river. This means that more chemical fertilizers are being used. It is also causing erosion along the banks of the Nile, which were previously replenished by the silt carried down the river. Much of the Nile delta is now being swept into the Mediterranean. In fact, if barriers near the Nile's outlet continue to erode, much of low lying Egypt could find itself in the sea, as the sea slowly advances. The Nile is also bringing more salt to the fields of Egypt because of the increased evaporation which takes place in Lake Nasser. (Pearce, 32)

This evaporation also presents a severe problem. Over 2 metres of water evaporate from the surface of Lake Nasser every year. this is because or its location in the middle of the desert. For this reason many opposed the construction of a dam in that location. A similar dam in the highlands of Sudan or Ethiopia would lose much less water. However, if the dam were located elsewhere, Egypt would lose out on the hydroelectric power the dam provides (roughly one third of Egypt's electricity) (Pearce, 31-32).

7. Type of Habitat: DRY

8. Act and Harm Sites:

Act Site       Harm Site           Example



Egypt          Sudan               Plans for diversion of the Nile

III. Conflict Aspects

9. Type of Conflict: INTERSTATE

Although war has not yet broken out between the nations involved, some believe growing demands may eventually lead to armed conflict. Signs of this trend are already surfacing. There have been numerous skirmishes between Sudanese and Egyptian troops as well as a number of statements made. The nations of the Nile basin have also classified access to the waters of the Nile river as a vital national interest over which they would be willing to go to war.

For now, there has been enough water to satisfy most of the nations' needs, but in the near future those resources which have been left top them will cease to suffice.

10. Level of Conflict: THREAT

11. Fatality Level of Dispute: >10

III. Environment and Conflict Overlap

12. Environment-Conflict Link and Dynamics: DIRECT

The dynamics are the result of feedback between water resources and development needs, especially water. The internationalization of the issue adds another element.

Causal Diagram

Cairo Press Today: "Mubarak" will not apologize .. And "Copts"are demanding the expulsion of Egypt from the United Nations .. And "honor": are determined to implement the nuclear program .. And "prisoners" puncturing the wall of booking .. And "diesel" in the black market

News varied Cairo newspapers published today, Wednesday, and included many important issues currently being raised on the Egyptian scene, and included all the newspapers news release, "Suzanne Mubarak"without warranty, after waiving his property.

She stressed, "Egyptian Today" denied a source close to Mubarak that he will apologize to the people of Egypt, and also denied the waiver of property and property of his family, and published "Al-Ahram" that for the first time will be allocated to the Control Committee of 5 billion pounds for the presidency.

As the demonstrators that Maspero, stipulate to break open the two churches sit featured news .. "diesel fuel" in the black market. It also stated that some of the "prisoners" puncturing the wall of custody to escape, and was also a statement to "financial": that there is not currently hiring.

The "Constitution" that the Copts are demanding the expulsion of Egypt from the United Nations and calling for international protection of Egypt, and also made ​​claims of human rights organizations to abolish the state of "emergency", and also featured news of the release of demonstrators embassy in many newspapers, as well as news, Dr. thinker Rafiq Habib Vice-President of the Muslim Brotherhood Party.

Here is a brief overview of the most important statement in the newspapers of Cairo on Wednesday.

Marshal Hussein Tantawi, that the Council is confident consciously and young people the dangers of the Revolution stage, called Field Marshal in the statement posted on "Facebook" the need to make sincere efforts and uphold the best interests of the country on any individual interest.
The founders decided to freedom, justice, the appointment of Dr. Christian thinker, "Rafiq Habib," deputy party chairman, said, "Habib," that is not afraid of the relationship between the Party and the Muslim Brotherhood.

The military prosecutor decided to release all the defendants in the case of men rushed to the Israeli embassy, taking into account the modern age, and to preserve their future, and enable them to perform examinations, and the 17 event.

According to the newspaper "Yediot Ahronot, "Israel, U.S. President "Barack Obama" will call for Israel in the context of the speech delivered on Thursday, to withdraw to the borders of 67, with a border adjustments will be agreed upon with the Palestinian side.

Counsel decided Assem El Gohary, assistant attorney general for graft yesterday, the release of Suzanne Mubarak, without a warranty on pending investigations.

Appealed to the "Al-Tayeb, " Sheikh Al-Azhar, and "Pope Shenouda" all Egyptians Baltsdy the advocates of sectarian strife in this critical stage of the country, came during an urgent meeting of the initiative of the family home, which was held yesterday afternoon at the Cathedral of St. Mark the first analysis.

Counsel decided Assem El Gohary, assistant attorney general for graft yesterday, the release of Suzanne Mubarak, without a warranty on pending investigations.

Appealed to the "Al-Tayeb, " Sheikh Al-Azhar, and "Pope Shenouda" all Egyptians Baltsdy the advocates of sectarian strife in this critical stage of the country, came during an urgent meeting of the initiative of the family home, which was held yesterday afternoon at the Cathedral of St. Mark the first analysis.

Place today, Wednesday, a group of Copts, and a protest in front of the UN Security Council to seek international protection and the expulsion of Egypt from the United Nations, and called Morris Sadek National Assembly President Coptic American Christians working in U.S. government sit for half an hour in solidarity with the youth of Maspero, and Copts, al-Minya And Alexandria.

"Said Dr Essam Sharaf, " Egyptian Prime Minister, that the implementation of construction of the first nuclear plant to generate electric power is not eliminated at all, but may take actions that have been stalled for some time because of the events of the revolution.

Officials are waiting for the arrival of Zamalek in the formal offer from the club Birmingham City to request a contract with Mahmoud Abdel Razek "Shikabala", the maker of the first team games.

Received His Holiness Pope Shenouda III, Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of Saint Mark, a telephone call from Dr. Essam Sharaf, the Prime Minister, said a source in the Pontifical Office, Communication addressed a number of ongoing developments, particularly with regard to sit in front of the Copts Maspero.

Today the weather is mild on the north to Cairo, slant of heat on the rest of the parts during the day, slash to cold at night, and clouds appear low and medium on the north and east of the country, the Mtcatherp consists Alcborp water and impurities on the face of maritime and Cairo and the Suez Canal, the temperature in Cairo, 31, Alexandria 27 Aswan 35 degrees.

Dr. Nabil decided to maintain the Arab in the performance of his duties as foreign minister until the last week of June next to receive his work as Secretary-General of the Arab League early July.





"CIA" to inform U.S. lawmakers on the body images of bin Laden after his death

Osama bin Laden

Started and the Central Intelligence Agency of America, "CIA," presented this week at the American Vice-body images of Osama bin Laden, who was killed by U.S. commandos on the second of May in Pakistan, as declared in the source of Congress on Wednesday.
He said Republican Senator from Oklahoma James Ainehovy Network "CNN" that he saw 15 pictures of bin Laden is dead. He noted that the pictures taken immediately after his death, "terrifying."
He commented that "One of the bullets pierced one ear to come out of the eye. Or they penetrated the eye and burst out a section of the brain from the eye socket. Was a terrifying sight."
He added that there is no doubt in his mind about the identity of the deceased. He said: "There is no doubt about that, certainly. I have seen the pictures. He is Osama bin Laden.
It is scheduled to visit the Democratic Representative Duch Rabersbid, the highest Democrat on the Intelligence Committee of the House, the headquarters of the "CIA" in the Angelay Virginia (east), near Washington on Thursday, as announced by his spokeswoman Heather Molino told AFP.
The Chairman was Mike Rogers has seen the photos in the headquarters of the "CIA" in the second of May.
Congressional sources said that the other two deputies from the Intelligence and Defense Committees called to see the pictures of bin Laden.
For his part, said Deputy Republican John McCain Tuesday in front of reporters that he has no intention to go to the headquarters of the "CIA" to see the pictures, "because I have seen enough of the dead in my life".

Israeli TV: Egypt intends to establish a consulate in the Gaza Strip

D. Nabil Arab and Foreign Minister

Channel reported that seven Israeli Egypt intends to establish a consulate in the Gaza Strip, during the next few days.
The channel in its evening news broadcast major at the tenth time in Tel Aviv, the ninth time Cairo, that the decision was made in the wake of several consultations Egyptian Foreign Ministry. The channel, that the decision to open the consulate will be launched during the visit of the Egyptian delegation to Gaza within several days, to follow the work of the Palestinian Committee, which was agreed upon during the reconciliation agreement signed in Cairo between the rival Hamas and Fatah.
The newspaper pointed out, that Major General Mohammad Ibrahim, deputy director of Egyptian intelligence will arrive in the Palestinian territories in the coming days, to monitor the implementation terms of reconciliation on the ground, and how to follow up the obstacles that stand in front of reconciliation.
It should be noted that the delegation will arrive in Cairo between Hamas and Fatah, to discuss forming a new government.

Cairo Press today: a unified law for houses of worship within 30 days .. Investigations: Mubarak caused the high debt .. Badi: "Brotherhood" deal with the parties to the principle of "Mother .. and the pope did not find a guarantee other than the Shari'ah

Assigned to the Council of Ministers, headed by Dr. Essam Sharaf, Chairman of the Committee of national justice, whose formation was announced yesterday to prepare a draft law criminalizing all forms of discrimination between the Egyptians and the examination of the draft unified law for building places of worship, that the project is completed within 30 days, the Council announced in a statement yesterday Following the meeting, which held the honor yesterday with members of the new headquarters of the Council of Ministers and the presence of the Ministers of Justice and Interior and Local Development, the Committee's goal is to address attempts to sectarian strife and to map the problems and issues with this file and to propose effective solutions and speed of execution, the statement said that he was assigned to the investigating authorities shall submit to the Presidency Minister the results of the investigation into the events of sectarian strife in the Church of Alexandria and the arrival of the saints and Botfaih Mokattam Albderman and the village of Minia and events, he returns and the Imbaba and advertising without prejudice to the investigation quickly.

Starts a graft next week to investigate Habib el-Adli and former interior minister in the new issue faced on the increase of wealth and the exploitation of his job in achieving a graft threatened sentenced to 15 years old, according to the text of the law in the third case from the list of cases where the accused Adli, including the issue of profiteering and washing Money which was issued against the rule of 12 years in prison.

Issued on Saturday a decree-law directly political rights in preparation for the parliamentary elections and presidential elections .. The preparation of the law through a legal committee and the top-level judicial included advisers Mohamed Abdelaziz El Gendy Minister of Justice and Hatem Bejato Vice-President of the Supreme Constitutional Court and a number of professors and legal experts, in addition to the legal committee of high-level of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces is expected to include provision in the bill explicitly allows Egyptians abroad to participate in the elections, as it is to be the continuation of the text in the new law to exempt the police and the military from voting in the elections, their presence throughout the service .. The law includes abolition of quota women and the holding of elections on the list relative and individual system, which is in 3 stages.

Advisory Committee recommended that the Supreme National Dialogue held its meeting yesterday, Wednesday, headed by Dr. Abdel Aziz Hegazy to postpone parliamentary elections because the current period does not allow security to conduct these elections, where the Committee considered that the referendum is first on the constitution and then hold the presidential elections and parliamentary elections, Which will be approved or not yet approved subject to the Council of Ministers and the Military Council for its consideration.

Judicial sources say that the investigations conducted by the Attorney General with former President Hosni Mubarak revealed accused of causing the height of Egypt's foreign debt, but Mubarak has denied that, saying he was seeking to reduce public debt in various ways, citing "Mubarak" records of more than a ministerial meeting had been called for Council of Ministers the need to take economic measures and the steps necessary to do so, pointing out that the investigations with Mubarak not over yet.

Said Dr. Mohammed Badi leader of the Muslim Brotherhood that the group deal to the principle of the mother, which opens its arms to all Whatever they do with them so we open our arms and hearts to all currents and parties, no matter how abused us and tried discrediting us said that Islamic Sharia is our reference and Pope Shenouda did not find a guarantee in the case of a second marriage only Law and can not snap the limits of law on Muslims only after Acfhihm food, clothing, housing and non-Muslims, although their laws applied to them, and attacked what he described as adorable to secular journalists said they serve the agenda of foreign and incite against religion and fueling sectarian strife.

Word three injured in the events of Imbaba last breath yesterday succumbed to their injuries in hospitals and the Qasr Al-Aini Demerdash, bringing to 19 the number of victims of Muslims and Copts, the security organs have also set a new 21 accused in the events of Imbaba and have been referred to the military prosecutor.

And exhausted the Public Prosecution periods available for pre-trial detention for the ousted President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak, although no conclusion of the investigation to him about the reports of committees of the four formed by the Attorney General on issues where the accused, "Mubarak" and the need to display on May 25 on the chamber, the Court of Misdemeanor for the consideration of renewal of aphasia with the need to enter Even though the accused himself was incapable of movement or transfer of the Criminal Court before the end of the term of imprisonment for the latter.

Incidents of sectarian strife in the zone of Imbaba not planned externally as some claim, but is an internal affair comes as a result of accumulation of long in the presence of the large state of absence of security given roles mounting of the outlaws, as well as the proliferation of illegal arms in the hands of citizens coincided with the escalation of And the multiplicity of the forces of the former regime's attempts to derail the revolution by raising all forms of conflicts and clashes in the Egyptian society to show that the revolution that caused the security state of collapse.

Major General Mansour vowed Essawy Minister of the Interior of the judges during a meeting with a delegation of them Saturday night to secure the courts by all means and methods available for security and consistent with the possibilities of the Ministry of Interior is currently under the country's shortage in the number of police officers

Hundreds of Christians gathered in front of the Church of the Virgin the heart of the city of Edfu after the disappearance of a young Christian woman and absence from her home district, Kadry Othman City Seven Edfu Center since last Monday .. The girl called Christine and Paul flames 18 years old student, third grade secondary school has gone out to visit her grandfather did not return to her home and did not accuse the father of the girl any person causing the disappearance of his daughter.

He left the Prime Minister Essam Sharaf Cairo yesterday afternoon on his way at the head of a ministerial delegation to Uganda and Ethiopia to hold talks with leaders of both countries on the promotion of relations of cooperation with them to a file search by the Nile Basin in the light of the Egyptian delegation's visit to the two countries recently.